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Zonder onderwerpscode --- Insurance, Health --- National health services --- Policies --- Government policy --- Insurance, Health - Policies - Netherlands. --- Insurance, Health - Government policy - Netherlands. --- National health services - Netherlands.

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This paper analyzes trends in social indicators in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and their correlation with the three most widely used scaled measures of government social spending: in per capita terms, as a percentage of GDP, and as a percentage of total government expenditure. On the basis of a regional data set matching health and education outcome indicators with government spending on those sectors, cross-country statistical analysis shows spending both per capita and as a percent of GDP to be of some relevance to social outcomes, but not the share of social spending in budgetary allocations. The policy implications concern not only governments in the region, but also the international donor community for its role in supporting social programs in SSA.

Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Health: Government Policy --- Regulation --- Public Health --- Education: Government Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health: General --- Education: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Health economics --- Education --- Expenditure --- Education spending --- Health --- Total expenditures --- Expenditures, Public --- United States

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Using data for a sample of developing and transition countries, this paper estimates the relationship between government spending on health care and education, and social indicators. Unlike previous studies, where social indicators are used as proxies for the unobservable health and education status of the population, this paper estimates a latent variable model. The findings suggest that public social spending is an important determinant of social indicators, particularly in the education sector. Overall, the latent variable approach was found to yield more adequate estimates of social production functions, with larger elasticities of social indicators with respect to income and spending on education than the traditional approach, providing stronger evidence that increases in public spending have a positive impact on social indicators. The study also finds that the millennium goal of universal primary education enrollment by 2015 could be achieved through an increase by one-third, on average, in education spending.

Public Finance --- Health Behavior --- Health: Government Policy --- Regulation --- Public Health --- General Welfare --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Health: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Health economics --- Expenditure --- Health care spending --- Education spending --- Health --- Expenditures, Public

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This technical note analyzes the health care spending issues in advanced economies. Both public and total health spending have increased substantially in advanced countries. Total health spending increased by more than 6 percentage points of GDP in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries between 1970 and 2007. This note examines the recent trends in health care spending in advanced countries. It discusses the main challenges for advanced countries over the medium term. Policy options for containing health care costs are also described.

Insurance --- Public Finance --- Health Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Health: Government Policy --- Regulation --- Public Health --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- Insurance Companies --- Actuarial Studies --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Health systems & services --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Health economics --- Health care spending --- Health care --- Health --- Expenditure --- Financial institutions --- Expenditures, Public --- Medical care --- United States

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Developing and low-income economies face the challenge of increasing public spending to address sizeable infrastructure and social gaps while simultaneously restoring the fiscal discipline weakened to countervail the effect of the global recession. Increasing the efficiency of social spending could be the key policy to address the dilemma as it allows the optimization of the existing resources by reducing spending inefficiencies. This paper quantifies the efficiency gap in the health and education sectors for a large sample of developing and emerging countries and proposes measures to reduce these gaps for the specific cases of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Health: Government Policy --- Regulation --- Public Health --- Education: Government Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Education: General --- Health: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Health economics --- Education spending --- Expenditure --- Health --- Expenditure efficiency --- Health care spending --- Expenditures, Public --- El Salvador